examples1

id: 984

lecture: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.

question: Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.

choice: (A) crocodile egg (B) feather

context: This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.

answer: A

Rationale:

0: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism.
1: Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells.
2: Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.
3: Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks.
4: Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers.
5: Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence.
6: The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed.
7: So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.
8: The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence.
9: Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.
10: Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.
11: Compare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger: The feather fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the crocodile egg fossil.
12: So, the feather fossil is most likely younger than the crocodile egg fossil.
13: The answer is B.

generated_skill: The missing skill is understanding the principle of superposition in geology, which states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the younger rocks are found on top of older rocks.

solution: Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram. Compare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger: The crocodile egg fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil.

skill: Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence

wrong_step_idx: 11

id: 1036

lecture: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures. The map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25°C up to -20°C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20°C up to -15°C.

question: Which air temperature was measured within the outlined area shown?

choice: (A) 32°C (B) 10°C (C) 5°C

context: The map below shows air temperatures in the lower atmosphere on October 1, 2015. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in North America on that day. Look at the map. Then, answer the question below. Data source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division

answer: A

Rationale:

0: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere.
1: For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.
2: The map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents.
3: Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right.
4: For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25°C up to -20°C.
5: Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20°C up to -15°C.
6: Look at the colors shown within the outlined area.
7: Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.
8: The legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 5°C and 20°C.
9: 10°C is within this range.
10: 5°C and 32°C are outside of this range.
11: The answer is B.

generated_skill: The missing skill in this scenario is the ability to accurately interpret the legend and match the colors on the map to the corresponding temperature range.

solution: Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent. The legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25°C and 35°C. 32°C is within this range. 5°C and 10°C are outside of this range.

skill: Identify and compare air masses

wrong_step_idx: 8

id: 1037

lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.

question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? giraffe - grade

choice: (A) glossy (B) generally

context: N/A

answer: A

Rationale:

0: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary.
1: They tell you the first word and last word on the page.
2: The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.
3: To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters.
4: If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters.
5: If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.
6: If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order.
7: For example, be comes before bed.
8: Put the words in alphabetical order.
9: Since generally is between the guide words giraffe - grade, it would be found on that page.
10: The answer is B.

generated_skill: The missing skill in this case is understanding how to determine the order of words in alphabetical order.

solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since glossy is between the guide words giraffe - grade, it would be found on that page.

skill: Use guide words

wrong_step_idx: 9

id: 1040

lecture: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

question: Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

choice: (A) attract (B) repel

context: Two magnets are placed as shown.

answer: B

Rationale:

0: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them.
1: When magnets attract, they pull together.
2: When magnets repel, they push apart.
3: These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.
4: Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends.
5: Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).
6: Here are some examples of magnets.
7: Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.
8: Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.
9: If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract.
10: The magnets in the pair below attract.
11: If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel.
12: The magnets in both pairs below repel.
13: To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.
14: The south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet.
15: Opposite poles attract.
16: So, these magnets will attract each other.
17: The answer is A.

generated_skill: The missing skill in this case is the ability to determine the positions of the poles of the magnets and understand how opposite and like poles interact.

solution: To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other. The south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.

skill: Identify magnets that attract or repel

wrong_step_idx: 14

id: 1103

question: Would you find the word direction on a dictionary page with the following guide words? do - duty

choice: (A) yes (B) no

context: N/A

answer: B

Rationale:

0: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary.
1: They tell you the first word and last word on the page.
2: The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.
3: To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters.
4: If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters.
5: If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.
6: If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order.
7: For example, be comes before bed.
8: Put the words in alphabetical order.
9: Since direction is between the guide words do - duty, it would be found on that page.
10: The answer is A.

generated_skill: The missing skill in this scenario is the ability to understand the purpose and usage of guide words in a dictionary.

solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since direction is not between the guide words do - duty, it would not be found on that page.

skill: Use guide words

wrong_step_idx: 9

id: 1124

lecture: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.

question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

choice: (A) The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. (B) The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2. (C) The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.

context: The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

answer: B

Rationale:

0: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching.
1: When magnets attract, they pull together.
2: When magnets repel, they push apart.
3: These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
4: The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
5: You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them.
6: The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.
7: Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force.
8: When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.
9: The magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2.
10: So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.
11: The answer is C.

generated_skill: The model did not accurately observe the distance between the magnets in each pair.

solution: Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker. The magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.

skill: Compare strengths of magnetic forces

wrong_step_idx: 9

id: 1149

lecture: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.

question: Which month has the lowest average precipitation in London?

choice: (A) May (B) July (C) February

context: Use the graph to answer the question below.

answer: B

Rationale:

0: Scientists record climate data from places around the world.
1: Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.
2: A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month.
3: Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.
4: To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.
5: Choice "Feb" is incorrect.
6: Choice "May" is incorrect.
7: Choice "Jul" is incorrect.
8: February has the lowest average monthly precipitation.
9: The average precipitation in February is less than 60 millimeters.
10: All other months have an average precipitation that is greater than 60 millimeters.
11: The answer is C.

generated_skill: The missing skill in this case is the ability to read and interpret a bar graph to determine the lowest average precipitation.

solution: To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph. Choice "Feb" is incorrect. Choice "May" is incorrect. Choice "Jul" is incorrect. July has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation.

skill: Use climate data to make predictions

wrong_step_idx: 7

id: 1195

question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? page - pie

choice: (A) peek (B) proud

context: N/A

answer: A

Rationale:

0: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary.
1: They tell you the first word and last word on the page.
2: The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.
3: To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters.
4: If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters.
5: If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.
6: If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order.
7: For example, be comes before bed.
8: Put the words in alphabetical order.
9: Since proud is between the guide words page - pie, it would be found on that page.
10: The answer is B.

generated_skill: The model did not accurately understand how to use guide words in a dictionary to find the word on a specific page.

solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since peek is between the guide words page - pie, it would be found on that page.

skill: Use guide words

wrong_step_idx: 9

id: 1235

question: Would you find the word survey on a dictionary page with the following guide words? shampoo - silly

choice: (A) no (B) yes

context: N/A

answer: A

Rationale:

0: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary.
1: They tell you the first word and last word on the page.
2: The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.
3: To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters.
4: If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters.
5: If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.
6: If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order.
7: For example, be comes before bed.
8: Put the words in alphabetical order.
9: Since survey is between the guide words shampoo - silly, it would be found on that page.
10: The answer is B.

generated_skill: The missing skill in this case is understanding the concept of guide words in a dictionary. The wrong rationale is based on the assumption that any word that falls between the guide words will be found on that page. However, this is incorrect because guide words only indicate the range of words on a page, not necessarily every word within that range.

solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since survey is not between the guide words shampoo - silly, it would not be found on that page.

skill: Use guide words

wrong_step_idx: 9

id: 1256

lecture: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.

question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

choice: (A) The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2. (B) The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. (C) The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.

context: The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.

answer: C

Rationale:

0: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching.
1: When magnets attract, they pull together.
2: When magnets repel, they push apart.
3: These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
4: The strength of a force is called its magnitude.
5: The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
6: You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes.
7: The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.
8: Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.
9: Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material.
10: The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.
11: Magnet A is the same size in both pairs.
12: But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.
13: So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.
14: The answer is A.

generated_skill: The missing skill is understanding that the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets depends on both the size and shape of the magnets, not just the size.

solution: The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them. Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.

skill: Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces

wrong_step_idx: 12